The case: In New York, schools adopted a daily prayer after it was required by state law. The parents who brought suit against public schoolroom prayer in the Herricks School District pose with some of their children in 1962. The Atlantic described Chief Justice Earl Warren's "ringing opinion" as "the belated mid course correction that began America's transformation into a truly multiracial world nation." Ferguson, which had allowed mixed race schools, transportation, and facilities to exist as long as they were "equal." This decision knocked down the doctrine of "separate but equal" from Plessy v. A second decision called for lower courts and school boards to proceed with desegregation. The decision: The Supreme Court unanimously held that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal. Her father, Oliver Brown, believed this was a breach of the 14th Amendment, which says, "no state can deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Brown, along with a dozen other parents, challenged the segregation policy on behalf of their 20 children. The case: In the 1950s, Linda Brown had to take a dangerous route to school, because the only school that was closer was for white students. Notably, the late Justice Antonia Scalia used to laugh at it.Ī woman explains the case to her daughter outside the Supreme Court. Not everyone has been in favor of this case. This case led to the federal government having more power to regulate the economy, and also enabled federal regulation of things like workplace safety and civil rights. So, even though Filburn's wheat wasn't all going to make it into the market, growing it still altered supply and demand in a national market. The decision: The Supreme Court unanimously held that Congress had the power to regulate activities in the industry, and within states, when the activities had substantial effects on interstate commerce. The issue was whether Congress had the authority to regulate local wheat production. He sued, arguing Congress didn't have the authority, since he'd never planned to sell all of the wheat. The Department of Agriculture fined Roscoe Filburn, a wheat farmer in Ohio, for growing too much. The case: The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, enacted to stabilize agricultural prices after the Great Depression, restricted how much wheat could be grown, to avoid another recession. The case stopped journalists from being censored, and enabled the press to fulfill its role as watchdog, including the printing of the Pentagon Papers in 1971. It is no longer open to doubt that the liberty of the press and of speech is within the liberty safeguarded by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from invasion of state action." raises questions of grave importance transcending the local interests involved in the particular action. Chief Justice Hughes wrote, "This statute. The decision: The Supreme Court held 5-4 that the Public Nuisance law was unconstitutional.
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The newspaper appealed under the First Amendment's right to a free press. A judge, using the 1925 law, issued a temporary restraining order against the newspaper. One of them accused a politician named Floyd B. In 1927, the Saturday Press, a newspaper based in Minneapolis, began to publish articles attacking several public officials. The case: The 1925 Public Nuisance Bill, also known as the "Minnesota gag law," allowed judges to close down newspapers that were deemed obscene or slanderous. The principle that sustains compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting Fallopian tubes … Three generations of imbeciles are enough."Īfter this case, sterilizations did not cease until the 1960s, and more than 60,000 people were sterilized without their consent. In his opinion, Justice Oliver Holmes wrote, "It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from breeding their kind. The decision: The Supreme Court held 8-1 that there was nothing in the Eighth or 14th Amendments that said Carrie Buck could not be sterilized. Buck's appointed guardian sued, hoping to have the Supreme Court find sterilization constitutional.
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Under the 1924 Virginia Eugenical Sterilization Act, she was to be sterilized against her will, since she was seen as unfit to procreate. Her mother had also been diagnosed as feeble minded. The case: A young woman named Carrie Buck was diagnosed with "feeble mindedness," and committed to a state institution after she was raped by her foster parent's nephew, and had his child. Bell was the superintendent at the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded.